ɤȤϡ⳰Τλɷˤäư줿˦ȿ Фȿΰ츽ݡפǤ롣
ȿν롢ɽηɳĥӺٷƩжʡ
ɺ˦οᡣ
ȿݲ
ä˱ɽˤ˦ϥҥߥФƩжʤ롣
ä˥ץ϶ɽηήäȱɺ˦ Ʊȿ¥ʤ롣
ˡʿڤдˤˤɳĥѤʤ
PGE1ư̮ɤФƶϤʳĥѤڤܤư̮ɤĺ롣
ޥեʬ礵줿IL-1TNFʤɤ뾲ˤPGE2 ι¥ʤ롣 κѤϡʿڤдˤѵ嵡ǽΤۤ뾲 βĴᵡƯȯǮ¥ꡢòɤǴʬ¥ʤ롣
ʷ˦ǻ졢쾮ĶŽɻ٤ĥ TXA2ɹ롣 ˰ʬ롣
˦ʬ礵ɽŪʥȥܥǤꡢ 쾮ĤǻγФʤۤɻ٤̤ʤɤΥ륮 ȿ˴Ϳ롣
ȯ֡ıʤɤαɾɾɤȼȿ»ڸŪ
䥤ɡݻʤɡ
٤ƤΥƥɥۥ cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ʤ˻ú17Ĥͭ롣 ɤ¥ʤ벽ãʪλͷΥ롣
ۥۥۥѡA2˳ƥץȥȥꥨι뤳Ȥˤ Ʊɤ롣 ˰ʲΤ褦ȱκѤʻɤϤ롣
⤽⥢饭ɥɤˤäƹȥꥨI륮ȿˤ˦ ʬ礵졢Ϥʷɼ̺ѤȶϤʵɻʿڼ̺ѤĤᡢҥߥȤȤ˵ɻ© 븶Ȥʤ롣
ۥϤΥȥꥨ뤳Ȥˤäƹ륮Ѥ⤿餹
ݥϥۥۥѡA2˳롣
ۥۥѡA2饭ɥ˦ΥͷΥ뤳Ȥˤäƥ饭ɥ ȿϤ롣 äƥݥˤۥۥѡA2˳ϡ饭ɥɤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롣
ACTHʬ礬롣
Ĺ˳ɡǢ¤ʤɡ
ʡ㡢롢ݵ¡̲
Prolonged administration of physiologic replacement dosages of glucocorticoids usually does not cause adverse effects. The severity of the adverse effects associated with prolonged administration of pharmacological dosages of corticosteroids increases with duration and frequency of therapy. Short-term administration of large doses typically does not cause adverse effects, but long-term administration can lead to adrenocortical atrophy and generalized protein depletion.
Glucocorticoids are responsible for protein metabolism, and prolonged therapy can result in various musculoskeletal manifestations, including: myopathy (myalgia, muscle wasting, muscle weakness), impaired wound healing, bone matrix atrophy (osteoporosis), bone fractures such as vertebral compression fractures or fractures of long bones, and avascular necrosis of femoral or humoral heads. These effects are more likely to occur in older or debilitated patients.
Glucocorticoids interact with calcium metabolism at many sites, including: decreasing the synthesis by osteoblasts of the principle proteins of bone matrix, malabsorption of calcium in both the nephron and the gut, and reduction of sex hormone concentrations. Although all of these actions probably contribute to glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, the actions on osteoblasts is most important. Glucocorticoids do not modify vitamin D metabolism.[1441] Postmenopausal women, in particular, should be monitored for signs of osteoporosis during corticosteroid therapy.
Ophthalmic preparations of prednisolone can cause ocular hypertension, the magnitude of which depends on the frequency and duration of dosing. Ocular hypertension can occur after 1-6 weeks of topical ophthalmic therapy and is usually reversible upon discontinuance of the drug. Prolonged use of ophthalmic prednisolone therapy can result in open-angle glaucoma, optic neuritis, and visual defects. Temporary or permanent visual impairment, including blindness, has been reported with glucocorticoid administration by several routes of administration including intranasal and ophthalmic administration. Prolonged use has rarely resulted in posterior subcapsular cataracts; pharmacological doses have resulted in slowing of corneal wound healing. Ocular adverse effects resulting from systemic therapy can include exophthalmos, posterior subcapsular cataracts, retinopathy, or increased intraocular pressure. Prolonged use of glucocorticoids can also cause glaucoma or ocular nerve damage. Secondary fungal and viral infections of the eye can be exacerbated by corticosteroid therapy.
Corticosteroid therapy can mask the symptoms of infection and should be avoided during an acute viral or bacterial infection. Immunosuppression is most likely to occur in patients receiving high-dose (e.g., equivalent to 1 mg/kg or more of prednisone daily), systemic corticosteroid therapy for any period of time, particularly in conjunction with corticosteroid sparing drugs (e.g., troleandomycin) and/or concomitant immunosuppressant agents; however, patients receiving moderate dosages of systemic corticosteroids for short periods or low dosages for prolonged periods also may be at risk. Corticosteroids can reactivate tuberculosis and should not be used in patients with a history of active tuberculosis except when chemoprophylaxis is instituted concomitantly. Patients receiving immunosuppressive doses of corticosteroids should be advised to avoid exposure to measles or varicella (chickenpox) and, if exposed to these diseases, to seek medical advice immediately.
Prolonged corticosteroid therapy can adversely affect the endocrine system, resulting in hypercorticism (Cushing's syndrome), menstrual irregularity including amenorrhea or dysmenorrhea, hyperglycemia, and aggravation of diabetes mellitus in susceptible patients. In a recently-published review of 93 studies of corticosteroid use, the development of diabetes mellitus was determined to occur 4 times more frequently in steroid recipients compared to control groups.[938] Insulin or oral hypoglycemic dosages may require adjustment.
Adverse GI effects associated with long-term corticosteroid administration include nausea/vomiting and anorexia with subsequent weight loss. Appetite stimulation with weight gain, diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, esophageal ulceration, gastritis, and pancreatitis also have been reported. Although it was once believed that corticosteroids contributed to the development of peptic ulcer disease, in a published review of 93 studies of corticosteroid use, the incidence of peptic ulcer disease was not found to be higher in steroid recipients compared to control groups.[938] While most of these studies did not utilize endoscopy, it is unlikely that corticosteroids contribute to the development of peptic ulcer disease.
Adverse neurologic effects have been reported during prolonged corticosteroid administration and include headache, insomnia, vertigo, restlessness, ischemic peripheral neuropathy, seizures, and EEG changes. Mental disturbances, including mood lability, depression, anxiety, euphoria, personality changes, and psychosis, have also been reported; emotional lability and psychotic problems can be exacerbated by corticosteroid therapy.
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ƥɹʤʤɺޡ ʡ˳ˤäƥץ饹ȥȥܥι˳뤳Ȥˤä ɺѤȯ롣 ݥʡ˳ʤΤǥȥꥨιˤϴͿʤ ޤƥɷϤΤ褦IL-1TNFΤ褦ʥȥ뤳Ȥʤ
ʡĵŪ˳
ʡĵŪ˳
ư̮ĺѤ롣
phospholipase A2 ϥ⥸Ǥꡢ˦⥫륷।ǻ٤徺ȳ롣
ɤˤäͶƳݥ lipocortin Ϥʳ˳롣
ץȥȥܥϩ
ʡˤäƥ饭ɥPGG2롣 ԥ 䥤ɥ indomethacin Ϥβ˳롣
PGH2 peroxidase ˤäPGG2졢PGG2 ȤȤ˷쾮ĶŽȷɼ̤ô
PGI2 Ϸ˦롣ɳĥ쾮ĶŽɻٳĥκѤꡢTXA2ɹ롣 ޤʬѤġ
ɳĥѡȯǮ¥ʺѤġ
쾮ĤˤɽŪʥ饭ɥʪǤꡢ쾮ĶŽ¥ʤ롣ä˥ԥѤ ҴǤ롣 ޤϤʷɼ̺Ѥġ
ä˷쾮ĤΥʡ벽ƤκѤԲĵŪ˳롣 η̡̤Ϸ쾮Ĥμ̿(1)ۤɻ³뤬Ʊ˷쾮ĤζŽǽ˳ 롣ʤʤ쾮Ĥϥѥ뤳ȤʤǤ롣
ʡĵŪ˳뤳ȤˤääTXA2Ǯ˺ѤΤۤ˷ ĶŽѤ⤢롣
PGE2ϻ뾲βĴᵡƯȯǮ¥ᡢԥˤäƤιȲǮѤ ⤿餹
⤽ץ˳мƴδ礵˳вҤˤ롣 ԥϥץι˳Τ˺ѤĤȤˤʤ롣
쾮ĤǻγФ TXA2 ˤäƵΤǡԥˤä 饭ɥɤΥʡϩߤȷ쾮ĤζŽ롣 ʤTXA2ɹץФƤ⥢ԥϹ˳뤬ץλ Ȥʤ˦ͭˤǤ뤿˳̤˽롣
ԥϷ쾮ĤΥʡ˳Τǡ쾮ĶŽʪǤTXA2ι˳쾮 ĶŽ롣 Ʊ˥ԥϷ˦ˤץι˳롣Ȥץ ˤϷ쾮ĶŽѤ롣 äơԥTXA2˳̤Ʒ쾮ĶŽǡץ˳ Ʒ¥ʤȤƤʤ̤⤿餹
⤽ PGI2 ϰʬ PGE2PGF2ϾòɤǴʬ¥ʤѤġ äƥԥˤäƤλȰʬ礬жʤƳ
ԥPCO2̤礹뤳ȤǸƵɷ㤷ᴹˤƵ륫
ե륨˴Ƥ뾮Ǥϡξ㳲ȼ̿ŪǾ㳲浯롣
ե륨˴Ƥ뾮Ǥϡξ㳲ȼ̿ŪǾ㳲浯롣 Ǿɡ
ԥѤϸߤΤȤꤵƤ롣
¡狼ߥȥɥꥢü롣
ʡ˳Ѥͭ붯Ϥʻɺޡ
Indomethacin is a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory compound, an indoleacetic acid derivative with analgesic and antipyretic effects used primarily in the treatment of rheumatoid and osteoarthritis.
зϤΥʡŪ롣
Acetaminophen possesses analgesic and antipyretic activity similar toa spirin; however, acetaminophen has no peripheral antiinflammatory activity or effects on platelet function. Acetaminophen is effective in the relief of both acute and chronic pain.
Unlike other NSAIDs, acetaminophen acts primarily in the CNS and increases the pain threshold by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, an enzyme involved in prostaglandin (PG) synthesis. Acetaminophen inhibits both isoforms of cyclooxygenase, COX-1 and COX-2. Acetaminophen may also inhibit the synthesis or actions of chemical mediators that sensitize the pain receptors to mechanical or chemical stimulation. Acetaminophen does not inhibit PG synthesis in peripheral tissues, which is the reason for its lack of peripheral antiinflammatory affects. The antipyretic activity of acetaminophen is exerted by blocking the effects of endogenous pyrogen on the hypothalamic heat-regulating center by inhibiting PG synthesis. Heat is dissipated by vasodilatation, increased peripheral blood flow, and sweating.
T˦롣
ݥϺ˦쥻ץȷ礷T˦IL-2,IFN-äʤɤλإѡT ˦뤳ȤˤäȱԤʤվ㳲ξ㳲Ѥġ ١å¡ּٱȼڱѤ롣
T˦ˤ륤ι˳롣 ߤΤȤäȤϤȱޤǤ롣
ѤȤƤϺŴĤּۤٱ
ץϥץΤǤꡢΥɹƥץ̥쥪ɤ ˤT˦𤷤ȱȿ롣 ѤȯǮѲǡ繱ꡢǤꡢǤϴεǽ㳲帺
륫ץȥץprodrugǤꡢդƥ륫ץȥץˤʤȥץդ˳롣 ѵνʳˤT˦롣
ǴɽˤCD4+T˦ȿ㳲˴ͿƤ뤳Ȥ顢Υʥ빳CD4ΤCD4+T ˦Ρ ѤȤŪȱǽ㲼롣
륫ץȥץprodrugǤꡢդƥ륫ץȥץˤʤȥץդ˳롣 ѵνʳˤT˦롣
Ϳ̤˰¸ʤѡȯǮ繱ꡦȯarthralgiasմΡʤɡ
Ϳ̤˰¸ƽиѡ帺쾮ĸαʤɡ